Chapter I · Science of Sound
Chladni Plates
Ernst Chladni · 1787
Sand is scattered across a metal plate. A violin bow is drawn along its edge. The plate vibrates at a specific frequency — and the sand migrates away from the regions of maximum movement, settling into the lines where the plate is still. These lines are called nodal lines. The pattern they form is the shape of the sound.
Different frequencies produce different geometries. Simple frequencies produce simple crosses and rings. Higher frequencies produce increasingly complex mandalas. The plate is drawing the sound in sand.
Current pattern
440 Hz
Mode (2,1)
Nodal lines: 3 · Antinodes: 4
History
1787Chladni publishes Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges. Napoleon attends a demonstration and funds further research.
1809Chladni demonstrates to the French Academy. Napoleon proposes a prize for a mathematical explanation of the patterns.
1816Sophie Germain wins the prize after three attempts — the first woman to win a major scientific award.
1967Hans Jenny coins "cymatics" — the study of wave phenomena — and extends Chladni's work to liquids and three dimensions.
2000sChladni patterns appear in the design of violins, acoustic guitars, and loudspeaker cones. The geometry of resonance is the geometry of efficient sound transmission.